Monocular Cues- Linear Perspective

Linear perspective is when parallel lines appear to meet as they travel into the distance.

Monocular Cues- Overlap (Interposition)

Overlap (interposition) is when one object overlaps another, the object that is partially obscured is perceived as being farther away.

Motion Perception

Motion perception is the process of inferring the speed and direction of objects that move in a visual scene given some visual input.

Perceptual Constancies- Shape Constancy

Shape constancy can be defined as the tendency to perceive the shape of an object to be constant, despite differences in viewing angles.

For example when you walk to the dinner table, the shapes of the plates do not change (visually). That is because the shapes of the plates are elliptical on your retina, so they appear the same.

The end result of this example below can be explained because even though you rotated the object, it will still appear the same as it did when you looked at it straight on. But the actual image of the plate, on your retina, has changed a lot.

A Binocular Cue- using both eyes to judge depth in a situation. 

In the picture below a binocular cue is shown because in order to accurately shoot a basketball you need the view from both eyes to help judge the depth. 

Rules of Perceptual Organization

5.) Figure-Ground Perception- being able to simplify a scene into a figure and background. 

This image shows the rule of figure-ground perception because the way the photo is taken, the mind thinks the chinchilla in front is larger that the girl next to it. Another way of viewing it is to see the chinchilla up close and the girl standing far away. 

Perceptual Constancies- Brightness Constancy

Brightness constancy can be specifically defined as the tendency for an object to be visually perceived as having the same brightness under a range of different levels of illumination.

In simpler terms, and for example, if you look at a white piece of paper in very bright sunlight and then look at that same paper under less illumination, the paper still seems like it has the same brightness as it did when it was in very bright light. (Even though the levels of illumination were different.)

(The picture on the left was taken with the flash on, and the picture on the right was taken without the flash.)

Rules of Perceptual Organization

4.) Proximity- objects near each other tend to be grouped together. 

In this photo the rule of proximity is shown because of all four girls in the photo, they seem to be grouped in twos due to the way they are standing. 

Perceptual Constancies- Size Constancy

Size constancy can be defined as the tendency to perceive the vertical size of two familiar objects to be the same, despite differences in their distance.

An example that makes size constancy more understandable is if you look a photo of a road or a tunnel. The road looks as if it is shrinking in the picture, but really it is the same size throughout the entire thing. The "smaller" part of the road is just further away, so it seems as if it is a different size then the rest of the road, but it actually is not.

Perception Laws

Rules of Perceptual Organization

(1)Closure- we fill in the gaps to create a whole image
This is an example of closure because we perceive the sign as a circle even though it is not a complete shape.



(2)Continuity- we perceive things as smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones
This is an example of continuity because the human eye perceives this flock of geese as a whole, or V formation, rather than individual geese.



(3)Similarity- we group things based on their similarities
This is an example of similarity because the soccer players are grouped into two different teams due to the fact that some are wearing all red and others are wearing all white.